"שיהו בכל יום ויום כמו חדשים בעיניך:" The Life and Methodology of Dr. Nehama Leibowitz

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1 "שיהו בכל יום ויום כמו חדשים בעיניך:" The Life and Methodology of Dr. Nehama Leibowitz Leib Zalesch, SHAWL, August 2, 2014 References: * Abramowitz, Leah. Tales of Nehama. Gefen Publishing House, Jerusalem, Deutsch, Chayuta. סיפור חייה של נחמה ליבוביץ.נחמה: Miskal Yedioth Ahronoth and Chemed Books, Tel Aviv, Frankel, Marla. של נחמה ליבוביץ : דרכה בלימוד התנ"ך ובהוראתו.תורתה Miskal Yedioth Ahronoth and Chemed Books, Tel Aviv, * Jewish Action (Orthodox Union) Summer 1997 Nechama Leibowitz Memorial Issue, housed at: Leibowitz, Nehama. Studies in Bereshit (Genesis). Trans. Aryeh Newman. 2nd ed.. Leibowitz, Nehama. בספר בראשית בעקבות פרשנינו הראשונים והאחרונים.עיונים Third ed.,.1971 Leibowitz, Nehama. למדריך ולמורה,עיונים in " ושיר : דברים ביום עיון לזכרו של א' ל' שטראוס.נפש Machlakah L Aliyat Yiladim V Noar, Jerusalem, Reprinted in מקורות לקורס דרכי הוראת התנ,ך קובץ Michlalah Ha Akadamit Hadatit L Morim, * Peerless, Shmuel. To Study and to Teach: The Methodology of Nechama Leibowitz. Jerusalem, Urim, Samet, Rabbi Elchanan. LECTURE 20: "NAFSHI" AND "ANI" PSALM 131 ACCORDING TO A.L. STRAUSS (PART I). Housed at the Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash, Sokolow, Moshe trans. Nehama Leibowitz on Teaching Tanakh: Three Essays. New York, Torah Education Network et al., * Unterman, Yael. Nehama Leibowitz, Teacher and Bible Scholar, Urim Publications, Jerusalem, 2009.

2 Early Life and Education A. Biography Sept 3, 1905 Born in Riga, Latvia Brother Yishayahu Leibowitz born Daughter of Mordechai and Freida Leibowitz Smart family - Father was very hard on her (Hit by streetcar incident) Hebrew in the home Memorization of perakim of Tanach (table incident) Considered her father her first teacher (wrote that in Intro to one of her books) Around Sent to Berlin Gymnasia Only two good teachers. The important thing in teaching is to activate the students, elicit thinking from them. In lectures people fall asleep." Dark period - hobo Close to cousins - they moved to Petrograd, then both families moved to Berlin Early education was sparse and informal - private tutors (whom she and Yeshayahu did not like) until 1919, when she joined the 10th grade at the Berlin Gymnasium (which she also did not like) Family moved to Berlin, due to Russian Revolution and creation of Latvia Graduated high school Around Began teaching in the afternoon school for Jewish instruction in Berlin - Ivrit B Ivrit Graduated from the Rabbinical Seminary of Berlin (Abramovitz) University of Marburg, University of Heidelberg, University of Berlin - majored in German philology and culture Unterman: Leibowitz never actually met Soloveitchik or Schneerson, myth; but Schneerson later sent groups of his students to learn with her (to their chagrin) Studied at independent Hochshule fur de Wiessenschaft des Judentums, The Berlin College for the Scientific Study of Judaism Classmate in Julius Guttmann s class was Leo Struass - Philosophy/Hebrew deal - enduring correspondence Trip to Israel Doctorate from University of Marburg. Thesis: Techniques in the Translations of German- Jewish Biblical Translations in the 15th and 16th Centuries, As Represented in Book of Psalms (said she wanted to avoid Biblical criticism) Israel and the Gilyonot Marries uncle, Yedidya Lipman Leibowitz in Berlin, who was 30 years older than her and going blind at the time of their wedding he insists she finish her degree Husband (Lipman) also great genius - businessman taught blind people, memorized locations and contents of their large library, translated books into Braille; riddles Storyteller Moves to Palestine with Lipman Tomatoes incident (Israel vs. America) Sign incident (Lehamshich b hiluch namuch) Insisted on speaking Hebrew all the time No Tanach in Chutz L aretz incident (won t answer question if questioner is leaving Israel) Never accepted speaking engagement outside Israel ($2000 low rate incident) Teaches at Machon L madrichei Chutz L Aretz and many other places Tanach incident (Gruss) Study Sheets, Gilyonot - first sent to group of religious Kibbutz women after learning with them on 6-month spiritual sabbatical at Beit Tzeirot Mizrachi - continued learning via mail women involved women

3 Nechama, Lipman, and Mordechai all involved at that point Tremendous work - typing and mechanical stencil machine - mostly at Nechama s own expense Worked until 3:00 am Some of my correspondents didn t know anything when they started doing the gilyonot. There were new immigrants or uneducated people, who nevertheless had native intelligence. Now they can read commentaries on their own War of Independence house wall incident Gilyonot important way for isolated people to connect to Torah Popular throughout Israel, including among Bnei Akiva shevatim, even on army bases Adom, Adom Hazeh incident Galizianer incident Efficiency expert incident Cafe near the Tel Aviv sea incident Yemenite street cleaner s letter: I m sending my regular gilayon, but I apologize if the handwriting isn t clear. I worked very hard after the first rain. There was a lot of mud in the streets. When I got home tonight I was worn out and thought I wouldn t work hard on the gilayon, just this once. But I overcame my yetzer harah and just finished writing the answers; but please excuse the scribbles. Appreciated seeing progress in particular correspondents, as they progressed from new immigrants experienced, skilled learners 1940 s and on - Broadcasts by Nechama on Kol Yisrael radio Gilyonot at first sponsored by Mizrachi Women s Organization of America Taken over by the Israeli Ministry of Education Books (in Hebrew) Begins lecturing at Tel Aviv University Israel Prize (Yeshayahu awarded same in 1994) Full professor at Tel Aviv University Husband dies Stops new gilyonot, continues to mark old gilyonot sent to her for the rest of her life Later Life 1970s - Russian translation of the Gilyonot - popular because well-tailored suited to our generation, interesting to beginners, wide range of commentaries, everyday language French, Spanish, Dutch English book form came out before the Hebrew one! - She reviewed every word Division of Jewish Culture of the Jewish Agency - took 27 years due to other, more important (to her) pursuits such as teaching and correcting Gilyonot, and her own exacting standards - 1:00 am incident ( last book before I die! ) 1978 Begin Bible Circle Teachers guides to Gilyonot Didactic articles Pamphlet on how to teach history Book on Yirmiyhahu Shiva D nechemta Two textbooks on Rashi s commentary Lieberman Prize for Dissemination of Torah Knowledge Bialik Prize for Judaica Saul Rothberg Prize in Jewish Education Stops marking gilyonot for health reasons Became frail Refused help Loan incident (didn t remember, took help instead, dismissed) Longevity of father (90s), husband (96), her Died in Jerusalem Gilyonot online community

4 B. Methodology Sociologist Dr. Gabriel Cohn: "The idea behind her method was not to write a commentary, but to enable the student to arrive at his or her own interpretation - the most accurate and personal interpretation possible." Peerless (To Study and to Teach, p. 12): Goals of Torah Learning 1) Accumulation of knowledge; 2) Development of independent learning skills; 3) Development of love of Torah learning; 4) Observance of Mitzvot. (Goals of Torah Instruction 3, 1, 2, 4.) Peerless: Active learning teacher as facilitator of learning, not repository of knowledge Abramowitz (via Peerless): Rashi s use of Midrash follows two criteria: 1) Answers particular difficulty; 2) Fits into localized Chumash context Peerless (pp ): Hallmark of Leibowitz s methodology was סגנון literary style: A) Key word(s) used repetitively throughout section (#1-#3 and #5-#7 from כי תבא appears seven times in first 11 Pesukim of נתן Egyptians) from #4 ;ה' appears three times in Yosef s description of Pharaoh s dream; three אלקים times as Jews cry in Egypt; and three times with ראובן and.גד Common denominator: Perceived human effort Divine effort. B) Changes of names and identifications throughout story Yishmael Yosef בנך and בעל החלומות Brothers: (deligitimization) בן האמה/בן הגר Sarah: Avraham: בנו (warmth) (detached, derogatory) Hagar: הילד (coolness, distance) Reuven: הילד (distance; Reuven has no Hashem: הנער (potential) choice, bound by familial obligation) אחינו בשרינו and אחינו Yehuda: (acceptance, love emotional bond).עמו In the end, Hashem forgives.עמך Both Hashem and Moshe refer to Jews as C) Emotional Cues in Biblical Dialogue Speaker s name appearing suddenly in middle = important, emotional moment Identification of Indirect Object ( להם (ויאמר = the more engaged party confusion with no change of speaker = sense of dismay or ויאמר D) Association (סמיכות) Within Section Causality (Violation of ) one law may lead to the next, and then to the next (שעטנז ציצית ( effect Limitation Laws 1, 2, and 3 do not apply when 4 is in False testimony War?! If true, no one will die in war (Rashi) E) Parallelism Poetic Use of Identical terms Ibn Ezra disregards, Malbim regards highly, Rashi inconsistent אף וחמה"

5 :פירוש רש"י לתורה: עיונים בשיטתו Peerless (pp ) via Leibowitz and Moshe Arend s Major forms of קשיא in Rashi: A) לשון יתירה Extraneous Language Repetition of Words or Phrases חזרה מלולית 1) וילכו שניהם יחדיו knows; Avraham is even excited when only he וילכו שניהם יחדיו Yitzchak is even excited after he knows Repetition of Similar Words within Phrases מלים נרדפות 2) = 1 parent many children ורבו child. = 1 parent 1 פרו Positive and Negation of Its Opposite חיוב ושלילת הפכו 3) But there were snakes and scorpions והבור רק אין בו מים B) מוקדם ומאוחר בסדר המלים Deviations in Word Order 1) Chronology בכורות Yaakov let Esav go first out of respect for Esav s actual ויקברו אתו עשו ויעקב 2) Logic נס Ramban: This is a ;מקרא הפוך Rashi: This is a ולא שמעו אל משה... וירם תולעים ויבאש b) All together in Beit Midrash ;מקרא מסורס a) Rashi: ותעמדנה לפני משה ולפני אלעזר 3) Previous Usage.צאן then טפנו Moshe:.טפנו then צאן Reuven/Gad: 4) Grammatical Convention בא אלי העבד העברי אשר הבאת לנו לצחק בי Pasuk: בא אלי לצחק בי העבד העברי אשר הבאת לנו Rashi: C) מוקדם ומאוחר בסדר המקרא Deviation in Chronological Order of Events 1) Chronological Changes Indicated by Verb Tense Rashi: Must have been earlier, because it is past perfect והאדם ידע את חוה אשתו (no ו ההיפוך + appears to be past tense + verb/noun reversed). Ibn Ezra: Later, when he realized he would not live forever 2) Chronological Changes Indicated by Text Itself Bamidbar Perek 1 Iyar; Perek 9 Nissan Ramban: Necessary and consistent Perek 9 deals with overall running of Ohel Moed Rashi: To not open book with disgrace of Jews who only kept one Pesach in 40 years 3) Chronological Changes Indicated by the Context Rashi: Eigel before Mishkan (sees Mishkan as antidote to Eigel) Ramban: Mishkan before Eigel (Mishkan de facto) D) סתירות ואי התאמה Lack of Internal Consistency 1) Grammatical Inconsistency.f is אדמת.(.m) קודש הוא (.m) is מקום The כי המקום אשר אתה עומד עליו אדמת קודש הוא 2) Lack of Uniformity Questions to Adam and Chava, statement to snake. Snake would have answered that Adam and Chava shouldn t have listened to him. Less culpable, more accountable. Hashem alone in the world יום אחד 3) Conflicting Information כלל שלאחריו מעשה הוא פרטו של ראשון Bereishit Two accounts of

6 Dissecting a Story in Tanach כיצד לקרוא פרק בתנ"ך Based on Dr. Leibowitz s Essay בראשית פרק מא פרשת מקץ A. Find Repeating Words And Notice What is Around Them )כה( ו י אמ ר י וס ף א ל פ ר ע ה ח ל ום פ ר ע ה א ח ד ה וא א ת א ש ר ה א לה ים ע ש ה ה ג יד ל פ ר ע ה: )כו( ש ב ע פ ר ת ה ט ב ת ש ב ע ש נ ים ה נ ה ו ש ב ע ה ש ב ל ים ה ט ב ת ש ב ע ש נ ים ה נ ה ח ל ום א ח ד ה וא: )כז( ו ש ב ע ה פ ר ות ה ר ק ות ו ה ר ע ת ה ע לת א ח ר יה ן ש ב ע ש נ ים ה נ ה ו ש ב ע ה ש ב ל ים ה ר ק ות ש ד פ ות ה ק ד ים י ה י ו ש ב ע ש נ י ר ע ב: )כח( ה וא ה ד ב ר א ש ר ד ב ר ת י א ל פ ר ע ה א ש ר ה א לה ים ע ש ה ה ר א ה א ת פ ר ע ה: )כט( ה נ ה ש ב ע ש נ ים ב א ות ש ב ע ג ד ול ב כ ל א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם: )ל( ו ק מ ו ש ב ע ש נ י ר ע ב א ח ר יה ן ו נ ש כ ח כ ל ה ש ב ע ב א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם ו כ ל ה ה ר ע ב א ת ה א ר ץ: )לא( ו ל א י ו ד ע ה ש ב ע ב א ר ץ מ פ נ י ה ר ע ב ה ה וא א ח ר י כ ן כ י כ ב ד ה וא מ א ד: )לב( ו ע ל ה ש נ ות ה ח ל ום א ל פ ר ע ה פ ע מ י ם כ י נ כ ון ה ד ב ר מ ע ם ה א לה ים ומ מ ה ר ה א לה ים ל ע ש ת ו: )לג( ו ע ת ה י ר א פ ר ע ה א יש נ ב ון ו ח כ ם ו יש ית ה ו ע ל א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם: )לד( י ע ש ה פ ר ע ה ו י פ ק ד פ ק ד ים ע ל ה א ר ץ ו ח מ ש א ת א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם ב ש ב ע ש נ י ה ש ב ע: )לה( ו י ק ב צ ו א ת כ ל א כ ל ה ש נ ים ה ט ב ות ה ב א ת ה א ל ה ו י צ ב ר ו ב ר ת ח ת י ד פ ר ע ה א כ ל ב ע ר ים ו ש מ ר ו: )לו( ו ה י ה ה א כ ל ל פ ק ד ון ל א ר ץ ל ש ב ע ש נ י ה ר ע ב א ש ר ת ה י ין ב א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם ו ל א ת כ ר ת ה א ר ץ ב ר ע ב: )לז( ו י יט ב ה ד ב ר ב ע ינ י פ ר ע ה וב ע ינ י כ ל ע ב ד יו: )לח( ו י אמ ר פ ר ע ה א ל ע ב ד יו ה נ מ צ א כ ז ה א יש א ש ר ר וח א לה ים ב ו: )לט( ו י אמ ר פ ר ע ה א ל י וס ף א ח ר י ה וד יע א לה ים א ות ך א ת כ ל ז את א ין נ ב ון ו ח כ ם כ מ ו ך: B. Extrapolate From Variant Placements of Identical Words C. Infer From Three Seemingly Similar Incidents Within Same Story D. Derive From Varying Placements of Words Within Similar Phrases בראשית פרק לז ]שליחות 1#[ )יג( ו י אמ ר י ש ר א ל א ל י וס ף ה ל וא א ח י ך ר ע ים ב ש כ ם ל כ ה ו א ש ל ח ך א ל יה ם ו י אמ ר ל ו ה נ נ י: בראשית פרק כב )א( ו י ה י א ח ר ה ד ב ר ים ה א ל ה ו ה א לה ים נ ס ה א ת א ב ר ה ם ו י אמ ר א ל יו א ב ר ה ם ו י אמ ר ה נ נ י: )ב( ו י אמ ר ק ח נ א א ת ב נ ך א ת י ח יד ך א ש ר א ה ב ת... בראשית פרק מב ]שליחות 2#[ )א( ו י ר א י ע ק ב כ י י ש ש ב ר ב מ צ ר י ם ו י אמ ר י ע ק ב ל ב נ יו ל מ ה ת ת ר א ו: )ב( ו י אמ ר ה נ ה ש מ ע ת י כ י י ש ש ב ר ב מ צ ר י ם ר ד ו ש מ ה ו ש ב ר ו ל נ ו מ ש ם ו נ ח י ה ו ל א נ מ ות: )ג( ו י ר ד ו א ח י י וס ף ע ש ר ה ל ש ב ר ב ר מ מ צ ר י ם: )ד( ו א ת ב נ י מ ין א ח י י וס ף ל א ש ל ח י ע ק ב א ת א ח יו כ י א מ ר פ ן י ק ר א נ ו א ס ון: )ה( ו י ב א ו ב נ י י ש ר א ל ל ש ב ר ב ת ו ך ה ב א ים כ י ה י ה ה ר ע ב ב א ר ץ כ נ ע ן: בראשית פרק מג ]שליחות 3#[ )ח( ו י אמ ר י ה וד ה א ל י ש ר א ל א ב יו ש ל ח ה ה נ ע ר א ת י ו נ ק ומ ה ו נ ל כ ה ו נ ח י ה ו ל א נ מ ות ג ם א נ ח נ ו ג ם א ת ה ג ם ט פ נ ו: )ט( א נ כ י א ע ר ב נ ו מ י ד י ת ב ק ש נ ו א ם ל א ה ב יא ת יו א ל י ך ו ה צ ג ת יו ל פ נ י ך ו ח ט את י ל ך כ ל ה י מ ים: )י( כ י ל ול א ה ת מ ה מ ה נ ו כ י ע ת ה ש ב נ ו ז ה פ ע מ י ם:

7 )יא( ו י אמ ר א ל ה ם י ש ר א ל א ב יה ם א ם כ ן א פ וא ז את ע ש ו ק ח ו מ ז מ ר ת ה א ר ץ ב כ ל יכ ם ו ה ור יד ו ל א יש מ נ ח ה מ ע ט צ ר י ומ ע ט ד ב ש נ כ את ו לט ב ט נ ים וש ק ד ים: )יב( ו כ ס ף מ ש נ ה ק ח ו ב י ד כ ם ו א ת ה כ ס ף ה מ וש ב ב פ י א מ ת ח ת יכ ם ת ש יב ו ב י ד כ ם א ול י מ ש ג ה ה וא: )יג( ו א ת א ח יכ ם ק ח ו ו ק ומ ו ש וב ו א ל ה א יש: )יד( ו א ל ש ד י י ת ן ל כ ם ר ח מ ים ל פ נ י ה א יש ו ש ל ח ל כ ם בראשית פרק כז א ת א ח יכ ם א ח ר ו א ת ב נ י מ ין ו א נ י כ א ש ר ש כ ל ת י ש כ ל ת י: )כח( ו י ת ן ל ך ה א לה ים מ ט ל ה ש מ י ם ומ ש מ ני ה א ר ץ ו ר ב )טו( ו י ק ח ו ה א נ ש ים א ת ה מ נ ח ה ה ז את ומ ש נ ה כ ס ף ל ק ח ו ד ג ן ו ת יר ש: ב י ד ם ו א ת ב נ י מ ן ו י ק מ ו ו י ר ד ו מ צ ר י ם ו י ע מ ד ו ל פ נ י י וס ף: E. Notice the Literary Structure of the Story בראשית פרק מב פסוק א-פרק מג פסוק יד כנען 1: Location יעקב ובניו מצרים 2: Location יוסף ואחיו שיחה א הפסקה משמר יוסף ואחיו שיחה א כנען 3: Location ]בדרך מלון ] יעקב ובניו שיחה א הפסקה רעב יעקב ובניו שיחה ב F. Notice Unexpected Changes of Names and Identifications (or Lack Thereof) בראשית פרק מב )א(... ו י אמ ר י ע ק ב ל ב נ יו ל מ ה ת ת ר א ו: )ג( ו י ר ד ו א ח י י וס ף ע ש ר ה ל ש ב ר ב ר מ מ צ ר י ם: )ד( ו א ת ב נ י מ ין א ח י י וס ף ל א ש ל ח י ע ק ב א ת א ח יו... )ה( ו י ב א ו ב נ י י ש ר א ל ל ש ב ר ב ת ו ך ה ב א ים... )ו(... ו י ב א ו א ח י י וס ף ו י ש ת ח ו ו ל ו א פ י ם א ר צ ה: בראשית פרק יד )יב( ו י ק ח ו א ת ל וט ו א ת ר כ ש ו ב ן א ח י א ב ר ם ו י ל כ ו... )יד( ו י ש מ ע א ב ר ם כ י נ ש ב ה א ח יו... )טז(... ו ג ם א ת ל וט א ח יו ור כ ש ו ה ש יב...: בראשית פרק כא )ט( ו ת ר א ש ר ה א ת ב ן ה ג ר ה מ צ ר ית... )י( ו ת אמ ר ל א ב ר ה ם ג ר ש ה א מ ה ה ז את ו א ת ב נ ה כ י ל א י יר ש ב ן ה א מ ה ה ז את ע ם ב נ י ע ם י צ ח ק: )יא( ו י ר ע ה ד ב ר מ א ד ב ע ינ י א ב ר ה ם ע ל א וד ת ב נ ו: )יב( ו י אמ ר א לה ים א ל א ב ר ה ם א ל י ר ע ב ע ינ י ך ע ל ה נ ע ר... )יג( ו ג ם א ת ב ן ה א מ ה ל ג וי א ש ימ נ ו כ י ז ר ע ך ה וא: )יד( ו י ש כ ם א ב ר ה ם ב ב ק ר ו י ק ח ל ח ם ו ח מ ת מ י ם ו י ת ן א ל ה ג ר ש ם ע ל ש כ מ ה ו א ת ה י ל ד ו י ש ל ח ה... )טו( ו י כ ל ו ה מ י ם מ ן ה ח מ ת ו ת ש ל ך א ת ה יל ד ת ח ת א ח ד ה ש יח ם: G. Notice Repeating Themes and How They Are Developed פרק מב- In Hotel פרק מב- After Jail (כא( ו י אמ ר ו א יש א ל א ח יו א ב ל א ש מ ים א נ ח נ ו ע ל א ח ינ ו א ש ר ר א ינ ו צ ר ת נ פ ש ו ב ה ת ח נ נ ו א ל ינ ו ו ל א ש מ ע נ ו ע ל כ ן ב א ה א ל ינ ו ה צ ר ה ה ז את: )כח( ו י אמ ר א ל א ח יו ה וש ב כ ס פ י ו ג ם ה נ ה ב א מ ת ח ת י ו י צ א ל ב ם ו י ח ר ד ו א יש א ל א ח יו ל אמ ר מ ה ז את ע ש ה א לה ים ל נ ו: פרק מד - Found After Cup )טז( ו י אמ ר י ה וד ה מ ה נ אמ ר ל אד נ י מ ה נ ד ב ר ומ ה נ צ ט ד ק ה א לה ים מ צ א א ת ע ון ע ב ד י ך ה נ נ ו ע ב ד ים ל אד נ י ג ם א נ ח נ ו ג ם א ש ר נ מ צ א ה ג ב יע ב י ד ו:

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